October 9

Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned joint kings of the Franks following their father's death.

Following the death of their father Pepin the Short, his two sons were crowned joint kings of the Frankish realm, dividing the kingdom between them according to Frankish custom. Carloman died just three years later, leaving Charlemagne as sole ruler, free to embark on the extensive military campaigns and cultural revival that defined his transformative reign.

James I of Aragon establishes the Kingdom of Valencia after capturing it from Moorish rule.

Following his conquest of Moorish-held Valencia during the Reconquista, King James I of Aragon established it as a separate kingdom under the crown of Aragon, granting the region distinct legal privileges and fostering a Kingdom of Valencia that maintained its own institutions and identity for centuries within the broader Spanish crown.

Kepler's Supernova becomes the most recent supernova observed within the Milky Way galaxy.

A brilliant supernova appeared in the constellation Ophiuchus, visible to the naked eye for over a year and observed extensively by astronomer Johannes Kepler, whose detailed observations and subsequent writings made it the most thoroughly documented supernova of the era. It remains the most recent supernova confirmed to have occurred within the Milky Way visible from Earth.

Connecticut's Collegiate School, later renamed Yale University, is chartered.

Connecticut colonial ministers established a small collegiate school intended to train clergy, later relocating to New Haven and being renamed Yale College in honor of a benefactor, Elihu Yale, whose donation helped secure the struggling institution's finances. Yale grew into one of the most prestigious universities in the United States.

Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greece's first head of state, is assassinated.

Ioannis Kapodistrias, a former Russian diplomat who became the first head of state of newly independent Greece, was assassinated by political rivals amid factional disputes over the young nation's governance, a killing that plunged Greece into a period of political instability before the eventual establishment of a monarchy under a Bavarian prince.

The Universal Postal Union is established through the Treaty of Bern, standardizing international mail.

Representatives from numerous countries meeting in the Swiss capital signed a treaty establishing the Universal Postal Union, creating standardized rules that dramatically simplified the exchange of international mail between member nations, replacing a previous patchwork of separate bilateral postal agreements between individual countries.

An accidental bomb explosion triggers the Wuchang Uprising against China's Qing dynasty.

An accidental explosion at a bomb-making workshop operated by revolutionaries plotting against the Qing dynasty alerted authorities and forced the conspirators into premature action, triggering an uprising in the city of Wuchang that unexpectedly succeeded and rapidly spread, ultimately leading to the collapse of over two thousand years of Chinese imperial rule.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara is executed in Bolivia following his capture the previous day.

Wounded and captured by Bolivian forces the previous day, revolutionary Che Guevara was executed on the orders of Bolivian officials acting with American intelligence support, an act intended to eliminate him as a symbol of revolutionary resistance but which instead helped transform him into an enduring international icon of rebellion and radical politics.

"Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends" premieres on British television.

The children's television series based on the Reverend Wilbert Awdry's beloved book characters premiered in Britain, featuring anthropomorphic steam locomotives on the fictional island of Sodor, and the show went on to achieve enormous international popularity among young children for decades afterward, spawning films and merchandise worldwide.

Hurricane Milton makes landfall in Florida, causing an estimated $34.3 billion in damages.

Hurricane Milton rapidly intensified before making landfall on Florida's Gulf Coast, causing widespread wind damage, storm surge flooding, and a substantial outbreak of tornadoes across the state, compounding recovery efforts still underway from Hurricane Helene, which had struck the same region just weeks earlier.